Biography Category
Name :
Galileo
Date :
Views :
556
Category :
Birth Date :
15/02/1564
Birth Place :
Pisa, Italy
Death Date :
JANUARY 8, 1642
Not Available
[b]THE EARLY YEARS[/b][br /]
[br /]
[b]Galileo Galilei was born in Pisa, Italy on February 15, 1564, 21 years after the death of Copernicus and three days before the death of Michelangelo.[/b][br /]
[br /]
[b]Galileo was the first of seven children. Even over 400 years before, his parents, specially his father, believed that there was more money in medicine.
[/b][br /]
[br /]
[b]Therefore, Inspite of his father being musician and wool trader, wanted his talented son to go for medicine.
[/b][br /]
[br /]
[b]EDUCATION[/b][br /]
[br /]
[b]At the age of 11, he was sent to study in a Jesuit monastery. Galileo, after four years decided on his life’s mission. He announced to his father that he wanted to be…….. a monk ![/b][br /]
[br /]
[b]His father had something different in his mind for his gifted son. As a result he was immediately withdrawn from the monastery. At the age of seventeen, Galileo entered the University of Pisa to study medicine as per his father’s wish.[/b][br /]
[br /]
[b]Except for mathematics, he was bored by majority of his courses. He was vocal to his profession. He used to remain absent quite frequently.[/b][br /]
[br /]
[b]As a result, the university informed his family about the probability of Galileo’s flunking. A compromise was worked out. Galileo was tutored full-time in mathematics by the mathematician of the Tusan court.[/b][br /]
[br /]
[b]His father was quite happy with it, as he thought this might allow Galileo to successfully complete his college education. But finally Galileo left the university without degree.[/b][br /]
[br /]
[br /]
[br /]
[b]Galileo Galilei was born in Pisa, Italy on February 15, 1564, 21 years after the death of Copernicus and three days before the death of Michelangelo.[/b][br /]
[br /]
[b]Galileo was the first of seven children. Even over 400 years before, his parents, specially his father, believed that there was more money in medicine.
[/b][br /]
[br /]
[b]Therefore, Inspite of his father being musician and wool trader, wanted his talented son to go for medicine.
[/b][br /]
[br /]
[b]EDUCATION[/b][br /]
[br /]
[b]At the age of 11, he was sent to study in a Jesuit monastery. Galileo, after four years decided on his life’s mission. He announced to his father that he wanted to be…….. a monk ![/b][br /]
[br /]
[b]His father had something different in his mind for his gifted son. As a result he was immediately withdrawn from the monastery. At the age of seventeen, Galileo entered the University of Pisa to study medicine as per his father’s wish.[/b][br /]
[br /]
[b]Except for mathematics, he was bored by majority of his courses. He was vocal to his profession. He used to remain absent quite frequently.[/b][br /]
[br /]
[b]As a result, the university informed his family about the probability of Galileo’s flunking. A compromise was worked out. Galileo was tutored full-time in mathematics by the mathematician of the Tusan court.[/b][br /]
[br /]
[b]His father was quite happy with it, as he thought this might allow Galileo to successfully complete his college education. But finally Galileo left the university without degree.[/b][br /]
[br /]
[br /]
[b]COPERNICAN THEORY[/b][br /]
[br /]
Copernican system is, in which everything goes around the Sun, and the Moon, therefore must orbit the Sun and the Tychonic. One in which everything, but the Earth and Moon go around the Sun, which in turn goes around the Earth. The contemporary astronomers favored the Tychonic system. Galileo authoritatively stated to use all his discoveries as evidence for Copernicanism and to do so with verbal as well as mathematical skill.[br /]
[br /]
Galileo’s increasingly open Copernicanism began to cause trouble for him. In 1613, he wrote a letter to his student Benedetto Castelli in Pisa about the problem of squaring the Copernican theory with certain biblical passages. Some of the Galileo’s enemies sent the copies of this letter to the Inquisition in Rome. In Rome, many Dominican fathers lodged complaints against Galileo. Galileo went to Rome for defending the Copernican cause and his name. In his letter to the Grand Duchess Christina, he discussed the problem of interpreting Biblical passages with regard to scientific discoveries. He actually did not interpret the Bible except for one example.[br /]
[br /]
Improperly prepared documents, which were placed in Inquisition files stated that Galileo was warned "not to hold, teach, or defend" the Copernican theory "in any way whatever, either orally or in writing." Galileo was restricted to express anything on the Copernican issue. He slowly recovered from this setback.[br /]
[br /]
[b]INTERPRETER OF BIBLE[/b][br /]
[br /]
Galileo was a religious man. He also agreed that the Bible could never be wrong. But he said and believed that the interpreters of the Bible could make mistakes. He also thought it was a mistake to assume that the Bible had to be taken literally.[br /]
[br /]
"The true meaning of a Biblical verse might not be obvious at all, and wise scholars would have to work hard to find the true meanings.[br /]
[br /]
After all, a cardinal in the Church itself had once said that the intention of the Holy Spirit is to teach us how one goes to heaven, not how heaven goes!" Finally he ended with an explanation of how the miracle could not possibly have taken place if the Sun went around the Earth.[br /]
[br /]
This might have been one of Galileo’s mistakes. In those days, only Churchman were allowed to interpret the Bible, or to define God’s intentions." It was absolutely unthinkable for a mere member of the public to do so."[br /]
[br /]
[br /]
[br /]
Copernican system is, in which everything goes around the Sun, and the Moon, therefore must orbit the Sun and the Tychonic. One in which everything, but the Earth and Moon go around the Sun, which in turn goes around the Earth. The contemporary astronomers favored the Tychonic system. Galileo authoritatively stated to use all his discoveries as evidence for Copernicanism and to do so with verbal as well as mathematical skill.[br /]
[br /]
Galileo’s increasingly open Copernicanism began to cause trouble for him. In 1613, he wrote a letter to his student Benedetto Castelli in Pisa about the problem of squaring the Copernican theory with certain biblical passages. Some of the Galileo’s enemies sent the copies of this letter to the Inquisition in Rome. In Rome, many Dominican fathers lodged complaints against Galileo. Galileo went to Rome for defending the Copernican cause and his name. In his letter to the Grand Duchess Christina, he discussed the problem of interpreting Biblical passages with regard to scientific discoveries. He actually did not interpret the Bible except for one example.[br /]
[br /]
Improperly prepared documents, which were placed in Inquisition files stated that Galileo was warned "not to hold, teach, or defend" the Copernican theory "in any way whatever, either orally or in writing." Galileo was restricted to express anything on the Copernican issue. He slowly recovered from this setback.[br /]
[br /]
[b]INTERPRETER OF BIBLE[/b][br /]
[br /]
Galileo was a religious man. He also agreed that the Bible could never be wrong. But he said and believed that the interpreters of the Bible could make mistakes. He also thought it was a mistake to assume that the Bible had to be taken literally.[br /]
[br /]
"The true meaning of a Biblical verse might not be obvious at all, and wise scholars would have to work hard to find the true meanings.[br /]
[br /]
After all, a cardinal in the Church itself had once said that the intention of the Holy Spirit is to teach us how one goes to heaven, not how heaven goes!" Finally he ended with an explanation of how the miracle could not possibly have taken place if the Sun went around the Earth.[br /]
[br /]
This might have been one of Galileo’s mistakes. In those days, only Churchman were allowed to interpret the Bible, or to define God’s intentions." It was absolutely unthinkable for a mere member of the public to do so."[br /]
[br /]
[br /]
[b]FEBRUARY 15, 1564 [/b][br /]
Galileo Galilei was born in Pisa, Italy.[br /]
[br /]
[b]1574[/b][br /]
His father Vincenzo Galilei, with his family, moved to Florence.[br /]
[br /]
[b]1579[/b][br /]
Galileo was at the monastery of Santa Maria di Vallombrosa, where he considered joining the order.Galileo returned to his family in Florence in July.[br /]
[br /]
[b]SEPTEMBER 5, 1581[/b][br /]
Galileo matriculated as a student of the ‘Arts’ at the University of Pisa. Then after in the same year he entered the University of Pisa to study medicine.[br /]
[br /]
[b]1583[/b][br /]
During his student days at Pisa, Galileo formulated the isochronism of the ‘Pendulum’ while watching the oscillations of a lamp in the cathedral of Pisa. Galileo did not study Euclid’s Elements at the University but in Florence under the court mathematician Ostilio Ricci.[br /]
[br /]
[b]1585[/b][br /]
He completed the fourth year of his studies and returned to Florence without a degree. He gave private lessons in mathematics in Florence and Sienna.[br /]
[br /]
[b]1586[/b][br /]
It was his first voyage to Rome and he met Christopher Clavius. He applied for a lectureship of mathematics at the University of Sienna. He found certain propositions about centers of gravity, which go beyond the work of Archimedes.[br /]
[br /]
[b]1587[/b][br /]
Vincenzo Galilei performed experiments on the relationship between the tension and pitch of stings. Galileo, his son, must have helped him with these and surely was aware of them. Galileo gave two public lectures at the Academia Florentina (Florentine Academy) about the shape, location, and dimensions of hell as described in Dante’s Inferno. He tried to get teaching positions at the University of Sienna, Padua, Pisa and Bologna. He also tried for the lectureship at Florence. Finally he got lectureship of mathematics at the university of Pisa.[br /]
[br /]
[b]1589-1592[/b][br /]
In ‘On Motion’ Galileo used the Archimedian approach to motion : As Aristotle maintained, the speed of falling bodies is propositional to their density[br /]
[br /]
[b]1592[/b][br /]
Galileo obtained the chair of mathematics at the University of Padua in the Venetian Republic where he remained until the year 1610. His initial contract is for four years, renewable for two further years. His duties were to lecture on geometry and astronomy.[br /]
[br /]
[b]1593[/b][br /]
Galileo put together treaties on fortifications and mechanics for his private students.[br /]
[br /]
[b]1595[/b][br /]
He developed his explanation of the tides, which invokes the annual and diurnal motion of the Earth. It seemed that his preference for Copernican theory dated from this year.[br /]
[br /]
[b]1597[/b][br /]
He invented ‘Geometric and Military Compass’, and a ‘Sector’ (a mathematical instrument consisting of two rulers connected at one end by a joint and marked with several scales"). It was used to solve practical mathematical problems. He taught its use to his private students and wrote an instruction manual, which was later published.[br /]
[br /]
[b]1599[/b][br /]
His relations with Marina Gamba began. To make scientific instruments and produce the sector, he employed a craftsman, Marc’ Antonio Mazzoleni. These products were sold to wealthy students along with his treatise explaining its use.[br /]
[br /]
[b]AUGUST 13, 1600[/b][br /]
Marina Gamba gave birth to a daughter, who was baptized Virgina. Later she took the name ‘Maria Celeste’.[br /]
[br /]
[b]JANUARY 1601[/b][br /]
Galileo’s sister, Livia married Taddeo Galetti.Marina Gamba gave birth to second daughter who was baptized Livia. Later she took the name Arcangela in August.[br /]
[br /]
[b]1602[/b][br /]
Galileo experimented with pendulum in connection with natural accelerated motion.[br /]
[br /]
[b]1603[/b][br /]
He began employing an amanuensis to copy manuscript treatise, which he sold to his private students.[br /]
[br /]
[b]1604[/b][br /]
He visited Mantua to obtain patronage from the Duke of Mantua. But his efforts did not bear fruit.For the firs time, he experimented the uniformly accelerated motion on a gently sloping inclined plane. In September his machine to lift water was tried in the garden of Contarini house in Padua. Galileo observed the new star (supernova) in Padua on 10th October.[br /]
[br /]
[b]JANUARY 1605[/b][br /]
He delivered three lectures on the new star at the University of Padua.
"Dialogue of Cecco di Ronchitti da Bruzene" with regard to New Star was published. It’s second edition was published in Verona in same summer, in March. In July the operations of the Geometric and Military Compass was printed, which was dedicated to Cosino II de’ Medici.[br /]
[br /]
[b]1606[/b][br /]
He published "Considerations of Alimberto Marui on some places in the Discourse of Lodovico Delle Colombe about the Star which appeared in 1604.[br /]
[br /]
[b]1606-1607[/b][br /]
He invented the thermoscope, primitive thermometer. He wrote treatise on "Hydrostatics"[br /]
[br /]
[b]APRIL 1607[/b][br /]
"The Use and Construction of the Proportional Compass" was published by Balthasar Capra. Galileo instituted legal process for it. In same summer he investigated "Hydrostatics and the strength of Materials."[br /]
[br /]
[b]1607-1608[/b][br /]
He further made studies on ‘Motion’ and discovered the ‘Parabolic Path of Projectiles’.[br /]
[br /]
[b]1608[/b][br /]
Galileo armed a Lodestone belonging to his friend, Sagredo and arranged for it to be bought by Grand Duke Ferdinand I de’ Medici. The 56 – ounce armed lodestone could lift 132 ounces of iron. In summer Galileo was in Florence at the insistence of the Grand Duchess Christina. Marriage of Cosimo de’ Medici. Galileo proposed the lodestone as a device or symbol marking Cosimo’s character and power.[br /]
[br /]
[b]1608-1609[/b][br /]
Galileo constructed a ‘Hydrostatic Balance’. He also further studied the accelerated motion.[br /]
[br /]
[b]1609 [/b][br /]
He heard about the invention of devices for seeing faraway things as though nearby – telescope in Netherlands in May.Galileo duplicated the invention and made a ‘three powered Telescope’ in the month of June.With connections of his friend, Paolo Sarpi, Galileo presented an "Eight Powered Telescope". He made series of observations of the Moon, from November 30 to December 19.[br /]
[br /]
[b]JANUARY 7, 1610[/b][br /]
He observed three bright little stars near Jupiter. By January 15, he figured out that there were four satellites of Jupiter. He mapped some star formations during the continuation of other observations in February. In the month of April, Johannes Kepler sent a letter in support of Galileo’s discoveries. Galileo traveled to Pisa. There he showed the satellites of Jupiter to Grand Duke, Cosimo II de’ Medici. In July Galileo was appointed as "Chief Mathematician of the University of Pisa and Philosopher and Mathematician" to the Grand Duke of Tuscany. He also first observed the Strange appearances of Saturn. In September he moved to Florence.Galileo verified that Venus goes through phases like the Moon. As per the confirmation by Copernican system, the phases of Venus falsify the "Ptolemaic System’ and prove that Venus goes around the Sun.[br /]
[br /]
[b]1610 or 1611 [/b][br /]
Lodovico Delle Colombe published ‘Against the Earth’s Motion’, against Galileo’s celestial discoveries.[br /]
[br /]
[b]1611[/b][br /]
Against Galileo’s celestial discoveries, Francesco Sizzi published ‘Dianoia’, ‘Astronomica’, ‘Optica’, ‘Physica’. In the same year on 29th March Galileo arrived in Rome. At the request of Cardinal Bellarmine the Jesuit mathematicians of the Collegio Romano certified Galileo’s celestial discoveries, even though they did not necessarily agree with Galileo’s interpretation of these discoveries. Galileo was inducted into Lincean Academy at a banquet given by the academy’s founder and patron, Frederica Cesi. The term, telescope was first used here on this occasion.The Inquisition determined to check to see if Galileo was mentioned in the proceedings against the Aristotelian philosopher Cesare Cremonini, who was Galileo’s colleague and friendly opponent at the University of Padua. Galileo was honored by the mathematicians at Collegio Romano. Odo van Maelcote delivered a lecture on Galileo’s discoveries. In Rome, Galileo showed Sunspots to some of his friends. Galileo was drawn into a dispute concerning the behavior of bodies in water, taking the Archimedian position and arguing against the position of Aristotle. This incident took place when Galileo was back in Florence. Galileo repeated Archimedian arguments about bodies in water at a debate during a state dinner for two cardinals.[br /]
[br /]
[b]MAY 1612[/b][br /]
Galileo wrote first letter on Sunspot. In August, he wrote the second letter on the same topic. The Lincean Academy decided to publish Galileo’s letters on Sunspots to Mare Welser. Galileo wrote the third letter on Sunspot in the month of December.[br /]
[br /]
[b]MARCH 1613[/b][br /]
Lincean Academy published Galileo’s three letters under the title, ‘History and Demonstrations about Sunspots and their Properties’.[br /]
[br /]
[b]DECEMBER 1614[/b][br /]
‘Tommaso Caccini’ a Dominican Friar preached a sermon in Florence against Galileo and mathematicians, who subscribed to the Copernican view, which Caccini avers, is heretical.[br /]
[br /]
[b]JANUARY 1615[/b][br /]
Caccini’s superior apologized to Galileo in writing. Galileo’s view in private conversations were earlier criticized by a Dominican Friar Niccolo Lorini, Lorini also gave a written complain to Inquisition regarding Galileo’s Copernican views. He enclosed a copy of Galileo’s letter to Castelli. Galileo wrote a long letter defending his views to Monsignor Piero Dini, who was a well connected official in the Vatican Galileo wrote his "Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina", which was not printed but circulated widely. It’s Latin version is published in Netherlands in 1636. It was his enlarged version of letter to Castelli of December 1613. Galileo went to Rome to defend his Copernican ideas in December.[br /]
[br /]
[b]JANUARY 1616[/b][br /]
He wrote his theory about Tides, in which he argued that the earth moves. He addressed this treatise to Cardinal Alessandro Orsini.Galileo received a letter from Cardinal Bellarmine certifying that Galileo had not been on trial or condemned by the Inquisition. He attacked the problem of determining longitude at sea by means of eclipses of satellites of Jupiter.[br /]
[br /]
[b]JAN / FEB 1619[/b][br /]
Galileo’s views on comets were requested by many, one among them was Archduke Leopold of Austria.In June, the lecture, written by Galileo was published under the title ‘Discourse on the Comets’. Cardinal Maffeo Barberini sent Galileo a poem under title, ‘Adulatio Perniciosa’, composed by him in honor of Galileo.[br /]
[br /]
[b]JANUARY 1621[/b][br /]
He was elected as Counsul of the Academia Florentina.[br /]
[br /]
[b]OCTOBER 1622[/b][br /]
Galileo sent the manuscript of ‘The Assayer’, with regard to his reply to Grassi’s ‘Astronomical Balance’ to the Lincean Academy in Rome.[br /]
[br /]
[b]1623[/b][br /]
Tommaso Companella published ‘Defense of Galileo’ in Frankfurt. In February the Roman censors gave permission for printing of ‘the Assayer’. ‘The Assayer’ was dedicated to Pope Urben VIII, which was published in Rome under the auspices of the Lincean Academy.[br /]
[br /]
[b]JUNE 1624[/b]
Galileo returned to Florence.Galileo revised his treatise on tides which resulted in his ‘Dialogue concerning the Two Chief World’.[br /]
[br /]
[b]NOVEMBER 1629[/b][br /]
He once again took up contact with Spanish authorities about the determination of ‘Longitude at sea’ by means of the satellites of Jupiter. Galileo became grandfather when his son Vincenzo’s wife, Sestilia Bocchineri gave birth to a boy, who was given the name ‘Galileo’.[br /]
[br /]
[b]FEBRUARY 1630[/b][br /]
Galileo was bestowed a pension of 40 Scudi per year Urban VIII.In the month of April Galileo finished his ‘Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems’. During May-June Galileo was in Rome to clear his ‘Dialogue’ with the censors and make arrangements for its printing by the Lincean Academy. He got conditional permission from the secretary of the Vatican.Galileo sent the preface and ending of his ‘Dialogue’ to the secretary of the Vatican for corrections. He had then decided to print the book Florence.[br /]
[br /]
[b]FEBRUARY 1632[/b][br /]
Printing of the ‘Dialogue’ was completed. Pope Urban VIII prohibited further distribution of the ‘Dialogue’ and a special commission was appointed to examine the book.[br /]
[br /]
[b]JANUARY 20, 1633[/b][br /]
Galileo left Florence and after two weeks quarantine, because of the plague just outside Rome, he arrived there on February 13. As a special favor to Grand Duke Ferdinand II de’ Medici, the Pope allowed Galileo to stay at the residence of Tucson ambassador. He was forbidden social contacts. In June Urban VIII decided that Galileo would be imprisoned for the indefinite period. He was allowed to go back to his Villa in Arcetri, near Florence, where he was under house arrest for the remainder of his life.[br /]
[br /]
[b]1634[/b][br /]
He suffered from a painful hernia. Galileo’s daughter, Maria Celeste died.[br /]
[br /]
[b]1635[/b]
Matthias Bernegger in Strasbourg published a Latin translation of the ‘Dialogue’.[br /]
[br /]
[b]1636[/b][br /]
Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina in two languages – Italian and Latin. In May, Louis Elsevier, a Dutch publisher, visited Galileo in Arcetri and had agreed to publish the "Discourse on Two New Sciences" in Lieden.[br /]
[br /]
[b]APRIL 1637[/b][br /]
A Gold Chain worth 500 Florins was awarded by ‘The States General in recognition of his longitude effort. His proposal was deemed not to be practical.Galileo wrote to Elia Diodati that he had lost all vision in right eye in July. In November he announced that he had discovered a new liberation of the Moon, different from the optical liberation.[br /]
[br /]
[b]JANUARY 1638[/b][br /]
He lost vision in his left eye and was totally blind. In August, when the gold chain from the Dutch States General was presented to him he refused it. Pope Urban VIII commended for him for it. Galileo prepared his last will and testament during his serious illness. John Milton visited Galileo in Arcetri.[br /]
[br /]
[b]1641[/b][br /]
Galileo managed to convince the application of the pendulum to clocks.[br /]
[br /]
[b]JANUARY 8, 1642[/b][br /]
Galileo died in Arcetri.[br /]
[br /]
[br /]
Galileo Galilei was born in Pisa, Italy.[br /]
[br /]
[b]1574[/b][br /]
His father Vincenzo Galilei, with his family, moved to Florence.[br /]
[br /]
[b]1579[/b][br /]
Galileo was at the monastery of Santa Maria di Vallombrosa, where he considered joining the order.Galileo returned to his family in Florence in July.[br /]
[br /]
[b]SEPTEMBER 5, 1581[/b][br /]
Galileo matriculated as a student of the ‘Arts’ at the University of Pisa. Then after in the same year he entered the University of Pisa to study medicine.[br /]
[br /]
[b]1583[/b][br /]
During his student days at Pisa, Galileo formulated the isochronism of the ‘Pendulum’ while watching the oscillations of a lamp in the cathedral of Pisa. Galileo did not study Euclid’s Elements at the University but in Florence under the court mathematician Ostilio Ricci.[br /]
[br /]
[b]1585[/b][br /]
He completed the fourth year of his studies and returned to Florence without a degree. He gave private lessons in mathematics in Florence and Sienna.[br /]
[br /]
[b]1586[/b][br /]
It was his first voyage to Rome and he met Christopher Clavius. He applied for a lectureship of mathematics at the University of Sienna. He found certain propositions about centers of gravity, which go beyond the work of Archimedes.[br /]
[br /]
[b]1587[/b][br /]
Vincenzo Galilei performed experiments on the relationship between the tension and pitch of stings. Galileo, his son, must have helped him with these and surely was aware of them. Galileo gave two public lectures at the Academia Florentina (Florentine Academy) about the shape, location, and dimensions of hell as described in Dante’s Inferno. He tried to get teaching positions at the University of Sienna, Padua, Pisa and Bologna. He also tried for the lectureship at Florence. Finally he got lectureship of mathematics at the university of Pisa.[br /]
[br /]
[b]1589-1592[/b][br /]
In ‘On Motion’ Galileo used the Archimedian approach to motion : As Aristotle maintained, the speed of falling bodies is propositional to their density[br /]
[br /]
[b]1592[/b][br /]
Galileo obtained the chair of mathematics at the University of Padua in the Venetian Republic where he remained until the year 1610. His initial contract is for four years, renewable for two further years. His duties were to lecture on geometry and astronomy.[br /]
[br /]
[b]1593[/b][br /]
Galileo put together treaties on fortifications and mechanics for his private students.[br /]
[br /]
[b]1595[/b][br /]
He developed his explanation of the tides, which invokes the annual and diurnal motion of the Earth. It seemed that his preference for Copernican theory dated from this year.[br /]
[br /]
[b]1597[/b][br /]
He invented ‘Geometric and Military Compass’, and a ‘Sector’ (a mathematical instrument consisting of two rulers connected at one end by a joint and marked with several scales"). It was used to solve practical mathematical problems. He taught its use to his private students and wrote an instruction manual, which was later published.[br /]
[br /]
[b]1599[/b][br /]
His relations with Marina Gamba began. To make scientific instruments and produce the sector, he employed a craftsman, Marc’ Antonio Mazzoleni. These products were sold to wealthy students along with his treatise explaining its use.[br /]
[br /]
[b]AUGUST 13, 1600[/b][br /]
Marina Gamba gave birth to a daughter, who was baptized Virgina. Later she took the name ‘Maria Celeste’.[br /]
[br /]
[b]JANUARY 1601[/b][br /]
Galileo’s sister, Livia married Taddeo Galetti.Marina Gamba gave birth to second daughter who was baptized Livia. Later she took the name Arcangela in August.[br /]
[br /]
[b]1602[/b][br /]
Galileo experimented with pendulum in connection with natural accelerated motion.[br /]
[br /]
[b]1603[/b][br /]
He began employing an amanuensis to copy manuscript treatise, which he sold to his private students.[br /]
[br /]
[b]1604[/b][br /]
He visited Mantua to obtain patronage from the Duke of Mantua. But his efforts did not bear fruit.For the firs time, he experimented the uniformly accelerated motion on a gently sloping inclined plane. In September his machine to lift water was tried in the garden of Contarini house in Padua. Galileo observed the new star (supernova) in Padua on 10th October.[br /]
[br /]
[b]JANUARY 1605[/b][br /]
He delivered three lectures on the new star at the University of Padua.
"Dialogue of Cecco di Ronchitti da Bruzene" with regard to New Star was published. It’s second edition was published in Verona in same summer, in March. In July the operations of the Geometric and Military Compass was printed, which was dedicated to Cosino II de’ Medici.[br /]
[br /]
[b]1606[/b][br /]
He published "Considerations of Alimberto Marui on some places in the Discourse of Lodovico Delle Colombe about the Star which appeared in 1604.[br /]
[br /]
[b]1606-1607[/b][br /]
He invented the thermoscope, primitive thermometer. He wrote treatise on "Hydrostatics"[br /]
[br /]
[b]APRIL 1607[/b][br /]
"The Use and Construction of the Proportional Compass" was published by Balthasar Capra. Galileo instituted legal process for it. In same summer he investigated "Hydrostatics and the strength of Materials."[br /]
[br /]
[b]1607-1608[/b][br /]
He further made studies on ‘Motion’ and discovered the ‘Parabolic Path of Projectiles’.[br /]
[br /]
[b]1608[/b][br /]
Galileo armed a Lodestone belonging to his friend, Sagredo and arranged for it to be bought by Grand Duke Ferdinand I de’ Medici. The 56 – ounce armed lodestone could lift 132 ounces of iron. In summer Galileo was in Florence at the insistence of the Grand Duchess Christina. Marriage of Cosimo de’ Medici. Galileo proposed the lodestone as a device or symbol marking Cosimo’s character and power.[br /]
[br /]
[b]1608-1609[/b][br /]
Galileo constructed a ‘Hydrostatic Balance’. He also further studied the accelerated motion.[br /]
[br /]
[b]1609 [/b][br /]
He heard about the invention of devices for seeing faraway things as though nearby – telescope in Netherlands in May.Galileo duplicated the invention and made a ‘three powered Telescope’ in the month of June.With connections of his friend, Paolo Sarpi, Galileo presented an "Eight Powered Telescope". He made series of observations of the Moon, from November 30 to December 19.[br /]
[br /]
[b]JANUARY 7, 1610[/b][br /]
He observed three bright little stars near Jupiter. By January 15, he figured out that there were four satellites of Jupiter. He mapped some star formations during the continuation of other observations in February. In the month of April, Johannes Kepler sent a letter in support of Galileo’s discoveries. Galileo traveled to Pisa. There he showed the satellites of Jupiter to Grand Duke, Cosimo II de’ Medici. In July Galileo was appointed as "Chief Mathematician of the University of Pisa and Philosopher and Mathematician" to the Grand Duke of Tuscany. He also first observed the Strange appearances of Saturn. In September he moved to Florence.Galileo verified that Venus goes through phases like the Moon. As per the confirmation by Copernican system, the phases of Venus falsify the "Ptolemaic System’ and prove that Venus goes around the Sun.[br /]
[br /]
[b]1610 or 1611 [/b][br /]
Lodovico Delle Colombe published ‘Against the Earth’s Motion’, against Galileo’s celestial discoveries.[br /]
[br /]
[b]1611[/b][br /]
Against Galileo’s celestial discoveries, Francesco Sizzi published ‘Dianoia’, ‘Astronomica’, ‘Optica’, ‘Physica’. In the same year on 29th March Galileo arrived in Rome. At the request of Cardinal Bellarmine the Jesuit mathematicians of the Collegio Romano certified Galileo’s celestial discoveries, even though they did not necessarily agree with Galileo’s interpretation of these discoveries. Galileo was inducted into Lincean Academy at a banquet given by the academy’s founder and patron, Frederica Cesi. The term, telescope was first used here on this occasion.The Inquisition determined to check to see if Galileo was mentioned in the proceedings against the Aristotelian philosopher Cesare Cremonini, who was Galileo’s colleague and friendly opponent at the University of Padua. Galileo was honored by the mathematicians at Collegio Romano. Odo van Maelcote delivered a lecture on Galileo’s discoveries. In Rome, Galileo showed Sunspots to some of his friends. Galileo was drawn into a dispute concerning the behavior of bodies in water, taking the Archimedian position and arguing against the position of Aristotle. This incident took place when Galileo was back in Florence. Galileo repeated Archimedian arguments about bodies in water at a debate during a state dinner for two cardinals.[br /]
[br /]
[b]MAY 1612[/b][br /]
Galileo wrote first letter on Sunspot. In August, he wrote the second letter on the same topic. The Lincean Academy decided to publish Galileo’s letters on Sunspots to Mare Welser. Galileo wrote the third letter on Sunspot in the month of December.[br /]
[br /]
[b]MARCH 1613[/b][br /]
Lincean Academy published Galileo’s three letters under the title, ‘History and Demonstrations about Sunspots and their Properties’.[br /]
[br /]
[b]DECEMBER 1614[/b][br /]
‘Tommaso Caccini’ a Dominican Friar preached a sermon in Florence against Galileo and mathematicians, who subscribed to the Copernican view, which Caccini avers, is heretical.[br /]
[br /]
[b]JANUARY 1615[/b][br /]
Caccini’s superior apologized to Galileo in writing. Galileo’s view in private conversations were earlier criticized by a Dominican Friar Niccolo Lorini, Lorini also gave a written complain to Inquisition regarding Galileo’s Copernican views. He enclosed a copy of Galileo’s letter to Castelli. Galileo wrote a long letter defending his views to Monsignor Piero Dini, who was a well connected official in the Vatican Galileo wrote his "Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina", which was not printed but circulated widely. It’s Latin version is published in Netherlands in 1636. It was his enlarged version of letter to Castelli of December 1613. Galileo went to Rome to defend his Copernican ideas in December.[br /]
[br /]
[b]JANUARY 1616[/b][br /]
He wrote his theory about Tides, in which he argued that the earth moves. He addressed this treatise to Cardinal Alessandro Orsini.Galileo received a letter from Cardinal Bellarmine certifying that Galileo had not been on trial or condemned by the Inquisition. He attacked the problem of determining longitude at sea by means of eclipses of satellites of Jupiter.[br /]
[br /]
[b]JAN / FEB 1619[/b][br /]
Galileo’s views on comets were requested by many, one among them was Archduke Leopold of Austria.In June, the lecture, written by Galileo was published under the title ‘Discourse on the Comets’. Cardinal Maffeo Barberini sent Galileo a poem under title, ‘Adulatio Perniciosa’, composed by him in honor of Galileo.[br /]
[br /]
[b]JANUARY 1621[/b][br /]
He was elected as Counsul of the Academia Florentina.[br /]
[br /]
[b]OCTOBER 1622[/b][br /]
Galileo sent the manuscript of ‘The Assayer’, with regard to his reply to Grassi’s ‘Astronomical Balance’ to the Lincean Academy in Rome.[br /]
[br /]
[b]1623[/b][br /]
Tommaso Companella published ‘Defense of Galileo’ in Frankfurt. In February the Roman censors gave permission for printing of ‘the Assayer’. ‘The Assayer’ was dedicated to Pope Urben VIII, which was published in Rome under the auspices of the Lincean Academy.[br /]
[br /]
[b]JUNE 1624[/b]
Galileo returned to Florence.Galileo revised his treatise on tides which resulted in his ‘Dialogue concerning the Two Chief World’.[br /]
[br /]
[b]NOVEMBER 1629[/b][br /]
He once again took up contact with Spanish authorities about the determination of ‘Longitude at sea’ by means of the satellites of Jupiter. Galileo became grandfather when his son Vincenzo’s wife, Sestilia Bocchineri gave birth to a boy, who was given the name ‘Galileo’.[br /]
[br /]
[b]FEBRUARY 1630[/b][br /]
Galileo was bestowed a pension of 40 Scudi per year Urban VIII.In the month of April Galileo finished his ‘Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems’. During May-June Galileo was in Rome to clear his ‘Dialogue’ with the censors and make arrangements for its printing by the Lincean Academy. He got conditional permission from the secretary of the Vatican.Galileo sent the preface and ending of his ‘Dialogue’ to the secretary of the Vatican for corrections. He had then decided to print the book Florence.[br /]
[br /]
[b]FEBRUARY 1632[/b][br /]
Printing of the ‘Dialogue’ was completed. Pope Urban VIII prohibited further distribution of the ‘Dialogue’ and a special commission was appointed to examine the book.[br /]
[br /]
[b]JANUARY 20, 1633[/b][br /]
Galileo left Florence and after two weeks quarantine, because of the plague just outside Rome, he arrived there on February 13. As a special favor to Grand Duke Ferdinand II de’ Medici, the Pope allowed Galileo to stay at the residence of Tucson ambassador. He was forbidden social contacts. In June Urban VIII decided that Galileo would be imprisoned for the indefinite period. He was allowed to go back to his Villa in Arcetri, near Florence, where he was under house arrest for the remainder of his life.[br /]
[br /]
[b]1634[/b][br /]
He suffered from a painful hernia. Galileo’s daughter, Maria Celeste died.[br /]
[br /]
[b]1635[/b]
Matthias Bernegger in Strasbourg published a Latin translation of the ‘Dialogue’.[br /]
[br /]
[b]1636[/b][br /]
Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina in two languages – Italian and Latin. In May, Louis Elsevier, a Dutch publisher, visited Galileo in Arcetri and had agreed to publish the "Discourse on Two New Sciences" in Lieden.[br /]
[br /]
[b]APRIL 1637[/b][br /]
A Gold Chain worth 500 Florins was awarded by ‘The States General in recognition of his longitude effort. His proposal was deemed not to be practical.Galileo wrote to Elia Diodati that he had lost all vision in right eye in July. In November he announced that he had discovered a new liberation of the Moon, different from the optical liberation.[br /]
[br /]
[b]JANUARY 1638[/b][br /]
He lost vision in his left eye and was totally blind. In August, when the gold chain from the Dutch States General was presented to him he refused it. Pope Urban VIII commended for him for it. Galileo prepared his last will and testament during his serious illness. John Milton visited Galileo in Arcetri.[br /]
[br /]
[b]1641[/b][br /]
Galileo managed to convince the application of the pendulum to clocks.[br /]
[br /]
[b]JANUARY 8, 1642[/b][br /]
Galileo died in Arcetri.[br /]
[br /]
[br /]
THE TELESCOPE
There was a dramatic turn in Galileo’s career. In the year 1609, When he was on a holiday in Venice, he heard the rumor that a Dutch spectacle maker had invented a device through which one can see distant objects near at hand. Since it was obviously of tremendous military value for Holland, the methods were kept secret. A patent had been requested but was not granted.
It would also be a valuable instrument to Venice. Galileo decided to attempt the construction of his own spyglass. After toiling for 24 hours, he experimented and worked on the basis of instinct and bits of rumors, he was able to make a 3-power telescope.
If at all Galileo had stopped there, he would have become man of wealth and leisure. In history a footnote would have been written about him. He continued with the telescope, which resulted in people looking at the moon. People and even Galileo had expected moon to be smooth and even. But to their astonishment, the moon was rough and uneven and full of cavities and prominence. The features of the surface was much like those, which could be found on the earth. This was very exciting news for everyone. Many people thought that Galileo was wrong. Some of the mathematicians argued that even if the surface is rough, it had to be covered with invisible transparent, smooth crystal.
After few months Galileo improved upon his telescope. It was his 30 power telescope. He turned this telescope towards Jupiter, and found three small, bright stars near the planet. One of them was to the west, the other two were to the east. All the three were in straight line. The next evening, when Galileo again looked at the Jupiter, he found that all these three stars were still in the straight line but in the west of the planet.
For other following weeks he kept observing and came to the conclusion that the stars were actually small satellites, which were rotating around Jupiter. "These Satellites did not move around the Earth." The question which arose in his mind was, "if there were satellites that didn’t move around the Earth, wasn't it possible that the Earth was not the center of the universe ? Couldn’t the Copernican idea of the Sun at the centre of the solar system be correct ?
Like a modern scientist, Galileo also published his findings. It was a small book titled "The Starry Messenger." In March 1610 about 550 copies were published. The book gave tremendous excitement and was appreciated by public at large. One can imagine what people would have felt when they learnt that the Earth was round.
And there were more discoveries: the appearance of bumps next to the planet Saturn, spotted on the Sun’s surface and seeing Venus change from a full disk to a silver of light.
TIDES
An another amusement was, Galileo’s writings about ocean tides.
He found that it was more interesting to have an imaginary conversation, or dialogue, between three fractional characters, than to write his arguments as a scientific paper.
PENDULUM
At the age of 20, Galileo noticed a swinging overhead while he was in cathedral. He was curious to find out how long it took the lamp to swing back and forth.
He used his pulse to time large and small swings.
Galileo discovered something that no one else would have ever realized, that the period of each swing was exactly the same.
It was his `Law of Pendulum,’ which would eventually be used to regulate clocks, made Galileo instantly famous.
There was a dramatic turn in Galileo’s career. In the year 1609, When he was on a holiday in Venice, he heard the rumor that a Dutch spectacle maker had invented a device through which one can see distant objects near at hand. Since it was obviously of tremendous military value for Holland, the methods were kept secret. A patent had been requested but was not granted.
It would also be a valuable instrument to Venice. Galileo decided to attempt the construction of his own spyglass. After toiling for 24 hours, he experimented and worked on the basis of instinct and bits of rumors, he was able to make a 3-power telescope.
If at all Galileo had stopped there, he would have become man of wealth and leisure. In history a footnote would have been written about him. He continued with the telescope, which resulted in people looking at the moon. People and even Galileo had expected moon to be smooth and even. But to their astonishment, the moon was rough and uneven and full of cavities and prominence. The features of the surface was much like those, which could be found on the earth. This was very exciting news for everyone. Many people thought that Galileo was wrong. Some of the mathematicians argued that even if the surface is rough, it had to be covered with invisible transparent, smooth crystal.
After few months Galileo improved upon his telescope. It was his 30 power telescope. He turned this telescope towards Jupiter, and found three small, bright stars near the planet. One of them was to the west, the other two were to the east. All the three were in straight line. The next evening, when Galileo again looked at the Jupiter, he found that all these three stars were still in the straight line but in the west of the planet.
For other following weeks he kept observing and came to the conclusion that the stars were actually small satellites, which were rotating around Jupiter. "These Satellites did not move around the Earth." The question which arose in his mind was, "if there were satellites that didn’t move around the Earth, wasn't it possible that the Earth was not the center of the universe ? Couldn’t the Copernican idea of the Sun at the centre of the solar system be correct ?
Like a modern scientist, Galileo also published his findings. It was a small book titled "The Starry Messenger." In March 1610 about 550 copies were published. The book gave tremendous excitement and was appreciated by public at large. One can imagine what people would have felt when they learnt that the Earth was round.
And there were more discoveries: the appearance of bumps next to the planet Saturn, spotted on the Sun’s surface and seeing Venus change from a full disk to a silver of light.
TIDES
An another amusement was, Galileo’s writings about ocean tides.
He found that it was more interesting to have an imaginary conversation, or dialogue, between three fractional characters, than to write his arguments as a scientific paper.
PENDULUM
At the age of 20, Galileo noticed a swinging overhead while he was in cathedral. He was curious to find out how long it took the lamp to swing back and forth.
He used his pulse to time large and small swings.
Galileo discovered something that no one else would have ever realized, that the period of each swing was exactly the same.
It was his `Law of Pendulum,’ which would eventually be used to regulate clocks, made Galileo instantly famous.
• Doubt is the father of invention.[br /]
[br /]
• I do not feel obliged to believe that the same God who has endowed us with sense, reason, and intellect has intended us to forego their use.[br /]
[br /]
• Philosophy is written in that great book which ever lies before our eyes. I mean the universe, but we cannot understand it if we do not first learn the language and grasp the symbols in which it is written. This book is written in the mathematical language, and the symbols are triangles, circles, and other geometrical figures, without whose help it is humanly impossible to comprehend a single word of it.[br /]
[br /]
• And who can doubt that it will lead to the worst disorders when minds created free by God are compelled to submit slavishly to an outside will ? When we are told to deny our senses and subject them to the whim of others ? When people devoid of whatsoever competence are made judges over experts and are granted authority to treat them as they please ? These are the novelties which are apt to bring about the ruin of commonwealths and the subversion of the state.[br /]
[br /]
• Take note, theologians, that in your desire to make matters of faith out of propositions relating to the fixity of sun and earth, you run the risk of eventually having to condemn as heretics those who would declare the earth to stand still and the sun to change position -- eventually, I say, at such a time as it might be proved that the earth moves and the sun stands still. [br /]
[br /]
• It is very pious to say and prudent to affirm that the holy Bible can never speak untruth -- whenever its true meaning is understood. But I believe nobody will deny that it is often very abstruse, and may say things which are quite different from what its bare words signify[br /]
[br /]
• They know that it is human nature to take up causes whereby a man may oppress his neighbor, no matter how unjustly. ... Hence they have had no trouble in finding men who would preach the damnability and heresy of the new doctrine from the very pulpit[br /]
[br /]
• I think that in the discussion of natural problems we ought to begin not with the Scriptures, but with experiments, and demonstrations.[br /]
[br /]
• It vexes me when they would constrain science by the authority of the Scriptures, and yet do not consider themselves bound to answer reason and experiment. [br /]
[br /]
• It is surely harmful to souls to make it a heresy to believe what is proved.[br /]
[br /]
• Having been admonished by this Holy Office [the Inquisition] entirely to abandon the false opinion that the Sun was the center of the universe and immovable, and that the Earth was not the center of the same and that it moved... I abjure with a sincere heart and unfeigned faith, I curse and detest the said errors and heresies, and generally all and every error and sect contrary to the Holy Catholic Church.[br /]
[br /]
• ..nothing physical which sense-experience sets before our eyes, or which necessary demonstrations prove to us, ought to be called into question (much less condemned) upon the testimony of biblical passages.[br /]
[br /]
• In questions of science, the authority of a thousand is not worth the humble reasoning of a single individual.[br /]
[br /]
• The doctrine that the earth is neither the center of the universe nor immovable, but moves even with a daily rotation, is absurd, and both philosophically and theologically false, and at the least an error of faith.[br /]
[br /]
• To assert that the earth revolves around the Sun is as erroneous as to claim that Jesus was not born of a virgin.[br /]
[br /]
• To affirm that the Sun ... is at the centre of the universe and only rotates on its axis without going from east to west, is a very dangerous attitude and one calculated not only to arouse all Scholastic philosophers and theologians but also to injure our holy faith by contradicting the Scriptures.[br /]
[br /]
• To command the professors of astronomy to confute their own observations is to enjoin an impossibility, for it is to command them not to see what they do see, and not to understand what they do understand, and to find what they do not discover[br /]
[br /]
• The universe cannot be read until we have learnt the language and become familiar with the characters in which it is written.[br /]
[br /]
[br /]
[br /]
• I do not feel obliged to believe that the same God who has endowed us with sense, reason, and intellect has intended us to forego their use.[br /]
[br /]
• Philosophy is written in that great book which ever lies before our eyes. I mean the universe, but we cannot understand it if we do not first learn the language and grasp the symbols in which it is written. This book is written in the mathematical language, and the symbols are triangles, circles, and other geometrical figures, without whose help it is humanly impossible to comprehend a single word of it.[br /]
[br /]
• And who can doubt that it will lead to the worst disorders when minds created free by God are compelled to submit slavishly to an outside will ? When we are told to deny our senses and subject them to the whim of others ? When people devoid of whatsoever competence are made judges over experts and are granted authority to treat them as they please ? These are the novelties which are apt to bring about the ruin of commonwealths and the subversion of the state.[br /]
[br /]
• Take note, theologians, that in your desire to make matters of faith out of propositions relating to the fixity of sun and earth, you run the risk of eventually having to condemn as heretics those who would declare the earth to stand still and the sun to change position -- eventually, I say, at such a time as it might be proved that the earth moves and the sun stands still. [br /]
[br /]
• It is very pious to say and prudent to affirm that the holy Bible can never speak untruth -- whenever its true meaning is understood. But I believe nobody will deny that it is often very abstruse, and may say things which are quite different from what its bare words signify[br /]
[br /]
• They know that it is human nature to take up causes whereby a man may oppress his neighbor, no matter how unjustly. ... Hence they have had no trouble in finding men who would preach the damnability and heresy of the new doctrine from the very pulpit[br /]
[br /]
• I think that in the discussion of natural problems we ought to begin not with the Scriptures, but with experiments, and demonstrations.[br /]
[br /]
• It vexes me when they would constrain science by the authority of the Scriptures, and yet do not consider themselves bound to answer reason and experiment. [br /]
[br /]
• It is surely harmful to souls to make it a heresy to believe what is proved.[br /]
[br /]
• Having been admonished by this Holy Office [the Inquisition] entirely to abandon the false opinion that the Sun was the center of the universe and immovable, and that the Earth was not the center of the same and that it moved... I abjure with a sincere heart and unfeigned faith, I curse and detest the said errors and heresies, and generally all and every error and sect contrary to the Holy Catholic Church.[br /]
[br /]
• ..nothing physical which sense-experience sets before our eyes, or which necessary demonstrations prove to us, ought to be called into question (much less condemned) upon the testimony of biblical passages.[br /]
[br /]
• In questions of science, the authority of a thousand is not worth the humble reasoning of a single individual.[br /]
[br /]
• The doctrine that the earth is neither the center of the universe nor immovable, but moves even with a daily rotation, is absurd, and both philosophically and theologically false, and at the least an error of faith.[br /]
[br /]
• To assert that the earth revolves around the Sun is as erroneous as to claim that Jesus was not born of a virgin.[br /]
[br /]
• To affirm that the Sun ... is at the centre of the universe and only rotates on its axis without going from east to west, is a very dangerous attitude and one calculated not only to arouse all Scholastic philosophers and theologians but also to injure our holy faith by contradicting the Scriptures.[br /]
[br /]
• To command the professors of astronomy to confute their own observations is to enjoin an impossibility, for it is to command them not to see what they do see, and not to understand what they do understand, and to find what they do not discover[br /]
[br /]
• The universe cannot be read until we have learnt the language and become familiar with the characters in which it is written.[br /]
[br /]
[br /]
[b]NECESSITY IS THE MOTHER OF INVENTION[/b][br /]
[br /]
Galileo entered the University of Padua. He found company of good friends and liked the city itself. But by 1593 he was in desperate need of additional cash. Death of his father made him head of the family and was personally responsible for his family. Debts were pressing down on him, specially the dowry for one of his sisters, which was paid in installments over decades. Galileo returned to Florence as he was threatened for imprisonment by his Debtors.[br /]
[br /]
Galileo’s need was to come up with some kind of device, which could earn him a tidy profit from his discovery of `Rudimentary thermometer’, which for the first time allowed temperature variations to be measured and an ingenious device to raise water from aquifers found no market. But he got greater success in 1596 with a military compass, which could be used to accurately aim cannonballs.[br /]
[br /]
Galileo could earn fair amount of money from a modified civilian version, which could be used for land surveying that came out in 1597. He was able to make profit due to the instruments, which were sold for three times the cost of manufacture, he also conducted the classes on how to use the instruments and the actual toolmaker was paid little wages. He also needed money to support his siblings, his mistress, who was reputed as a woman of easy habits and his three children.[br /]
[br /]
[b]THE LEANING TOWER OF PISA[/b][br /]
[br /]
When Galileo arrived at the University, some debate had started on one of the Aristotle’s `laws’ of nature. The discussion was such that heavier objects fell faster than lighter objects. These words of Aristotle had been accepted as gospel truth and few efforts were made to test Aristotle’s conclusions by actually conducting an experiment.[br /]
[br /]
As per the legend, Galileo had decided to give a try. He required to drop the objects from a great height. The perfect building was before him, the Tower of Pisa which is 54 meters tall. He climbed up to the top of the building carrying a variety of balls of different sizes and weights. He threw them down from the top. They landed at the bottom of the building at the same time.[br /]
[br /]
It is said that the demonstration was witnessed by a huge crowd of students and professors. Aristotle was proved wrong.[br /]
[br /]
A modern day professor published the results showing a theory to explain why Newton was wrong. Galileo had no such theory. He did not even publish his results. He continued to behave rudely to his colleagues. This was not a good move for a junior member of the faculty.[br /]
[br /]
As he said, "Men are like wine flask."…. look at….. bottles with the handsome labels. When you taste them, they are full of air or perfume or rouge. These are bottles fit only to pee into !" No wonder that University of Pisa did not choose to renew Galileo’s contract.[br /]
[br /]
[br /]
[br /]
Galileo entered the University of Padua. He found company of good friends and liked the city itself. But by 1593 he was in desperate need of additional cash. Death of his father made him head of the family and was personally responsible for his family. Debts were pressing down on him, specially the dowry for one of his sisters, which was paid in installments over decades. Galileo returned to Florence as he was threatened for imprisonment by his Debtors.[br /]
[br /]
Galileo’s need was to come up with some kind of device, which could earn him a tidy profit from his discovery of `Rudimentary thermometer’, which for the first time allowed temperature variations to be measured and an ingenious device to raise water from aquifers found no market. But he got greater success in 1596 with a military compass, which could be used to accurately aim cannonballs.[br /]
[br /]
Galileo could earn fair amount of money from a modified civilian version, which could be used for land surveying that came out in 1597. He was able to make profit due to the instruments, which were sold for three times the cost of manufacture, he also conducted the classes on how to use the instruments and the actual toolmaker was paid little wages. He also needed money to support his siblings, his mistress, who was reputed as a woman of easy habits and his three children.[br /]
[br /]
[b]THE LEANING TOWER OF PISA[/b][br /]
[br /]
When Galileo arrived at the University, some debate had started on one of the Aristotle’s `laws’ of nature. The discussion was such that heavier objects fell faster than lighter objects. These words of Aristotle had been accepted as gospel truth and few efforts were made to test Aristotle’s conclusions by actually conducting an experiment.[br /]
[br /]
As per the legend, Galileo had decided to give a try. He required to drop the objects from a great height. The perfect building was before him, the Tower of Pisa which is 54 meters tall. He climbed up to the top of the building carrying a variety of balls of different sizes and weights. He threw them down from the top. They landed at the bottom of the building at the same time.[br /]
[br /]
It is said that the demonstration was witnessed by a huge crowd of students and professors. Aristotle was proved wrong.[br /]
[br /]
A modern day professor published the results showing a theory to explain why Newton was wrong. Galileo had no such theory. He did not even publish his results. He continued to behave rudely to his colleagues. This was not a good move for a junior member of the faculty.[br /]
[br /]
As he said, "Men are like wine flask."…. look at….. bottles with the handsome labels. When you taste them, they are full of air or perfume or rouge. These are bottles fit only to pee into !" No wonder that University of Pisa did not choose to renew Galileo’s contract.[br /]
[br /]
[br /]
